أثر الظواهر الطبيعية والبشرية على التبادل التجاري بين الهند والصين والخلافة العباسية (132-656هـ/749-1258م)

الباحث

عبد الملك عبد الستار محمد عبد الله البدراني

المشرف

سفيان ياسين إبراهيم

الجامعة

جامعة الموصل

الكلية / القسم

كلية التربية للعلوم الإنسانية / التاريخ

الشهادة

دكتوراه

السنة

2023

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

التبادل التجاري; الخلافة العباسية; الهند والصين; الظواهر الطبيعية

The contacts between the Abbasid Caliphate, India and China of all kinds, whether commercial, cultural or even social, have faced many problems and variables, whether those variables and problems are natural or human. There is no doubt that these variables have hindered trade and communication in many cases with its expansion and the corresponding weakness. Governments, whether in China, India or the Abbasids. Variables of all kinds have often hindered commercial movement, weakened it in many cases and lacked it in other regions due to the lack of security, which is one of the most important foundations on which trade and its economic development are based. The importance of this topic and the reason for choosing it revolves around identifying the most important variables affecting the commercial movement of various kinds, and what the impact of these variables on commercial relations and even political relations between the Abbasid Caliphate and the countries of the East, India and China, and what are the measures taken by the central governments and local ruling families in the regions to limit these Variables and working to stop or limit them. From this standpoint, we chose the title tagged with (The Impact of Natural, Security and Military Variables on India and China’s Trade Exports to the Abbasid Caliphate (132-656 AH)) This research aims to identify those variables of all kinds, both natural and human, and the impact of each of these factors on impeding the commercial movement? What are the security and other measures taken by China, India and the Abbasid Caliphate in order to overcome these obstacles, and what is the impact of these obstacles on the commercial movement? Among the most important results that we reached, many influences played a prominent role in influencing the trade movement, and among those variables that affected the trade movement are terrain and climate, as a number of factors related to climate and terrain varied in limiting trade movement and even stopping it in many regions Whether due to strong rains, floods, mountains, storms, raging seas, high temperatures in some areas, and the large number of bays and sea meadows. B Among the natural influences that most affect the commercial movement are the seismic movements that many cities were exposed to, whether Baghdad, Persia, China or India. To the extent that many residents left those cities because of these seismic movements, and fires due to severe climatic conditions led to the destruction of a number of markets and ports, including boats and warehouses, as happened in the city of Basra. At that time, it led to the death of many people, money, and trade, and the burning of shops, and what happened in the city of Baghdad, if many residential shields and fields planted with types of commercial crops were burned, which led to the cessation of commercial movement, and the fires affected the trade stores in China, which were made of wood, including warehouses The city of Khango, which was completely burned as a result of the unrest in the city as a result of the battles that took place between the revolutionaries and the emperor's forces. It also affected the diseases and epidemics that merchants working in trade were exposed to, and the diseases that affected agricultural crops and contributed to the destruction of many agricultural fields, as well as the spread of some epidemics among animals in some cities through which trade routes pass. This led to the merchants stopping work, and we do not forget the predatory animals that were spreading in the land and sea trade routes affected the movement of commercial supplies, and among the most prominent animals that affected at that time were marine animals, on top of which were caribou and whales that were colliding with commercial boats and working to destroy them, as well About the spread of wild animals such as tigers and wolves. And other predatory animals on the wild trade routes, especially those that pass through the forests, and these animals have worked to weaken the trade exchange movement. Human factors, notably the spread of sea snoopers, pirates and bandits, also affected the commercial movement, and even affected the trade relations between India and China and the Abbasid Caliphate. Those snoopers, the disturbance of the security situation in China, India, the Abbasid Caliphate, and the weakness of the governments, which pushes them to expand their activities and attack merchants, rob them, and even kill them. The Abbasid Caliphate, India and China, the conflict that took place between Al-Amin and Al-Ma’mun, as well as the spread of rebellious movements, of which the Zanj movement is the most prominent of these movements, as the Zanj were able to seize the most important commercial port at that time, which was the port of Basra., as well as the spread of other movements in China, including the revolutions that were based on The Chinese governments at that time, especially in the city of Khangu, which is one of the most prominent centers of Chinese trade, in addition to the rebellion of the Zat and Med tribes, who hindered the commercial movement, as well as the Qarmatian Revolution.

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