مصادر ومضامين الرواية العجائبية الهندية في التراث العربي الإسلامي (ق 3-8هـ/9-14م)

الباحث

رافع يونس صالح سلطان

المشرف

سفيان ياسين ابراهيم

الجامعة

جامعة الموصل

الكلية / القسم

كلية التربية للعلوم الإنسانية / التاريخ

الشهادة

ماجستير

السنة

2024

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

الرواية العجائبية; الهند; التراث العربي الإسلامي; التاريخ الإسلامي

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Praise be to Allah, the Lord of all worlds, and blessings and peace be upon our master Muhammad, the son of Abdullah, the leader of the messengers, and the Imam of the righteous, and upon his pure and noble family. Since the third century of the Hijra/ninth century AD, the Islamic Arab heritage has witnessed the popularity of Indian miraculous narratives, thanks to trade and travel movements. The Islamic conquest of India led to the settlement of Islamic Arab communities there, contributing to the influx of many miraculous narratives through Muslim Arab historians, providing an engaging subject matter for Arab Muslim recipients across various Islamic territories. These marvels lie between the boundaries of the rational and the irrational. The Islamic Arab heritage around India encompasses diverse geographical, religious, social, botanical, and zoological contents. Therefore, the topic "Sources and Contents of Indian Miraculous Narrative in Islamic Arab Heritage (3rd-8th century Hijra/9th-14th century AD)" sheds light on the contents hidden behind Indian marvels in various aspects. The study aims to understand the truth of wonder tales, and the historical information behind them regarding the conditions of India in various aspects, and their impact on the Arab Muslim audience. It also aims to understand how historians dealt with the narratives and sources from which they derived their tales. The importance of the subject lies in the fact that studying Indian wonder tales is a separate study from previous studies, as they are presented as a complete message in various aspects, based on real treatments where researchers not only mention the tales but also attempt to critique, analyze, and subject them to treatment through historical sources. The study then turned to scientific sources to prove or disprove the validity of the tales. The researcher used many foreign sources and references to compare what exists in Indian heritage with what is found in Arab Islamic heritage. In light of this, we attempt to answer several questions in this study, including: 1- What is wonder tales and what is the historical context of the narrative in them? 2- What are the implications of wonder tales narratives? B 3- What are the motives of Arab Muslim historians in mentioning miraculous narratives? 4- To what extent do miraculous narratives influence the Arab Muslim audience? 5- What are the contents of miraculous narratives? As for the difficulties, there were hardly any encountered by the researcher in writing the research, as assistance and support from the One God facilitated what I was dealing with. In the study, I relied on the historical, analytical, and critical research methodology. The introduction, four chapters, in addition to the introduction, conclusion, maps, and appendices were included. The introduction comprised seven main axes, the first axis being a general introduction to the concept of miraculous narratives, the second axis the linguistic and terminological concept of miraculous narratives, while the third axis is the concept of miraculous narratives among historians and the fourth axis is the concept of miraculous narratives in philosophy. The fifth axis included miraculous narratives in fiction and literature, while the sixth focused on related concepts and the final axis explored differing concepts, each axis having its branches. The first chapter covered the sources of miraculous narratives in India, with the first section discussing historical sources numbering twenty- five, listed according to the years of death of the historians such as Abu al- Dunya (d. 281 AH/894 CE), Ibn Rustah (d. circa 290 AH/902 CE), and al- Mas'udi (d. 346 AH/957 CE), among others, along with their various narratives when mentioning their sources. The second section referred to national sources, totaling seventeen, maintaining the order of authors as in the historical sources. The third section was dedicated to literary and miraculous sources, totaling nine. As for the second chapter, miraculous historical narratives in geography and their aspects in India, it included four sections. The first section addressed the formation of the earth (the story of creation). The second section discussed water (seas, rivers, springs, and ponds) and fire and the wonders and curiosities associated with them. The third section covered the climate in historical narrative, while the fourth section encompassed the surface and its features of islands, mountains, sinking, and stones. The third chapter included religious and social life in India, consisting of two sections. The first section discussed religious life, which encompassed beliefs, visions, sorcery, magical spells, miracles, and the influence of genies. The second section addressed social life, describing the local population, their food and drinks, clothing, customs, traditions, self- mortification, laws, punishments, arts, architecture, and their social impact, all related to the miraculous narratives mentioned in that context. The fourth chapter focused on plants and animals in miraculous historical narratives, consisting of two sections. The first section covered plants, while the second section referred to animals, including wild, aquatic, and amphibious animals. A glance at the sources and references: The nature of the research necessitated the use of diverse primary sources, including historical, national, literary, and miraculous sources. They are as follows: Firstly: General history books General history sources were significant in the study. Among these sources were "Muruj al-Dhahab" and "Ma'adin al-Jawhar" by al-Mas'udi (d. 346 AH/957 CE), who extensively covered India with numerous miraculous narratives, including social aspects, plant and animal wealth. The accounts from these books were utilized in most sections of the thesis. Al-Maqdisi (d. circa 355 AH/965 CE) provided valuable miraculous information in "Al-Bidayah wa'l-Nihayah" concerning Indian geography, idol worship history, social life, and vegetation, with a total of ten narratives. Al-Biruni (d. 440 AH/1048 CE) contributed significantly with his book "Kitab al-Hind" as it contained firsthand information about India, covering various social aspects, religious beliefs, totaling twenty narratives, which played a crucial role, especially in the third chapter among other primary sources. Al-Qazwini (d. 682 AH/1283 CE) in "Athar al-Bilad wa D Akhbar al-'Ibad" presented numerous miraculous narratives, fourteen of which provided comprehensive information on Indian water, social life, architectural arts, botanical, and zoological wealth. Ibn al-Dawadari (d. 736 AH/1335 CE) included six narratives in "Kanz al-Durar wa Jami' al- Ghurar" about geographical wonders and Indian public life. Secondly: National books The value of information from national sources lies in their firsthand observations. Among these sources, Ibn Khurdadhbih's "Kitab al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik" (d. circa 280 AH/893 CE) provided important data on Indian geography, social conditions, religious beliefs, and biodiversity. Solomon the Merchant's journey to India in the third century AH/ninth century CE was characterized by diverse narratives, including geographical accounts, social conditions, and biodiversity. Although Al-Idrisi (d. 560 AH/1164 CE) did not travel to India, his book "Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq" contained detailed information about India's public life, climate, natural resources, and zoology. Al-Qazwini (d. 682 AH/1283 CE) provided various aspects, including geographical, social life, and the biodiversity of India. Ibn Battuta (d. 779 AH/1377 CE) documented his journey to India in his book "Rihla" with information covering various aspects of Indian society, customs, laws, punishments, religious beliefs, sorcery, and the influence of genies, enriching two chapters of the third chapter. His accounts also included geographical features and biodiversity. Thirdly: Literary and miraculous books Due to the nature of the research, the researcher did not limit themselves to general and national history sources. Therefore, literary and geographical books containing historical miraculous narratives about India were explored. Among these books is "Ajā'ib al-Hind Barihi wa Bahrihi wa Jazā'irihi" by al-Ramhurmuzi (d. fourth century AH/tenth century CE), which provided valuable information primarily for the third chapter concerning religious and social conditions (customs, traditions, self- mortification, food), geography, and animal wealth, including wild and aquatic animals. Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi (d. circa 400 AH/1009 CE) mentioned information about stones in India in his book "Al-Imtā' wa al- Mu'ānasa". Al-Nuwayri (d. 733 AH/1333 CE) offered comprehensive E information in his book "Nihāyat al-Arab fī Funūn al-Adab", which was utilized in the first and second sections of the fourth chapter regarding botanical and zoological wealth, as well as geographical aspects. Fourthly: References It is undeniable to the reader the role played by references in clarifying historical novels. Therefore, the historical references used by the researcher varied, including Arabic, translated Arabic, Indian, and foreign references. Scientific references were also used in dealing with the Indian fantastic novel and others. One of the prominent references used is what Hassan Fawzi wrote in his book "The Tale of Sinbad", the importance of which lies in his interpretation and analysis of historical novels from a precise scientific perspective. The researcher benefited from it in some fantastic novels related to climate in the second chapter and animal wealth in the fourth chapter. We also relied on the author Hassan Saleh Shahab's book titled "Wonders of India for Burzuk bin Shahriyar Between Fact and Legend" in interpreting the phenomenon of fire in the seas. On the other hand, foreign books were used to compare what exists in Arab-Islamic and Indian heritage, as mentioned earlier. Among those books is "Cultural Economic Relations Between East and West Sea Routes" by the author Takahito Mikasa, which provided information about the Islamization of many inhabitants of the Maldives, consistent with what is available about the islands themselves and about India in general. In addition, these books were used in dealing with fantastic historical novels through analysis and scientific interpretation, such as the book "Spectacle de la natur: or Nature display d Being Discourses On Fuch Particulars of Natural Histoy" by the author Noel Antoine and others. Through this author, a type of stones was dealt with in the second chapter. Moreover, many journals, theses, university dissertations, and the international internet network were consulted. In conclusion, I stand hoping that the topic of the thesis has benefited Arab-Islamic studies and served our Arab-Islamic library. May success and guidance be from Allah. The researcher.

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