نورمان شوارزكوف ودوره العسكري حتى 1991م

Norman Schwarzkopf and His Military Role Until 1991 A.D

الباحث: هدى جاسم محمد جاسم العبيدي
المشرف: مجول محمد محمود
الجامعة: جامعة الموصل
الكلية / القسم: التربية للعلوم الإنسانية / التاريخ
الشهادة: ماجستير
السنة: 2024
لغة الرسالة: عربي
الكلمات المفتاحية: نورمان شوارزكوف;حرب الخليج;الجيش الأمريكي;التاريخ الحديث

Abstract

Introduction Scope of the study and presentation of sources: The Second Gulf Crisis Is One Of The Most Prominent Arab And International Crises That The World Witnessed In The Nineties Of The Twentieth Century, As Its Roots Go Back To The Beginning Of That Century When The Monarchy In Iraq Began Demanding The Emirate Of Kuwait, But The British Policy that dominated at that stage prevented that. With the outbreak Of The Coup Of July 14, 1958 And The Declaration Of The Republican Rule In Iraq, Leader Abdul Karim Qasim Renewed His Country's Demands To Annex This Emirate, But He Failed To Do So For Several Reasons, Most Notably The International Community's Support For Kuwait, Not To Mention The Coup That Occurred Two Years Later And Overthrew His Rule On February 8 And 9, 1963, To Be Replaced by President Abdul Salam Arif. Who did not attach importance to the issue of kuwait's annexation to iraq, and this is what abdul rahman arif and ahmed hassan al-bakr followed after his departure. In july 1979, after saddam hussein assumed power in iraq, he thought about annexing the state of kuwait to his country, but the outbreak of the iraq-iran war, which lasted for eight years, made him ignore that. That war, from which Iraq emerged burdened with great losses, multiple economic crises, and heavy debts, prompted him to seriously consider invading Kuwait and seizing its oil wealth. From here began what is known as the Second Gulf War and Crisis (August 1990-February 1991). The international political scene in the nineties of that century was completely different from the previous one, as the United States of America emerged as an international power expressing the unipolar system, and all of that coincided with the beginning of the end of the former Soviet Union, a close ally of Iraq. The declared goal of the United States of America was to protect American interests in the Middle East in general and the Arabian Gulf in particular. Therefore, when Iraq began to move effectively to annex the Emirate of Kuwait, it faced an international coalition led by it. B With the advent of August 1990, Iraq surprised the entire world by advancing its military forces into the State of Kuwait and taking complete control of it, which prompted the United States of America to take action, and entrusted the American leadership in the American army at that time. Based on this, the reason for choosing this character as the subject of the study (Norman Schwarzkopf and his role in the Second Gulf War 1991) came because he is one of the pivotal and central figures who combined more than one specialization, especially the military one, in addition to the charisma he possesses that qualified him to be the subject of interest of global public opinion. The importance of the study lies in shedding light on the Second Gulf Crisis from the American point of view, in addition to tracing the role of Commander Norman Schwarzkopf in it, which the Arab library lacked, although this would not have been completed without the researcher’s real desire for academic scientific investigation. _Scope of the study: The thesis included an introduction and three chapters in addition to the conclusion, conclusions, appendices and a list of sources. The first chapter was entitled: “The Social Upbringing and Military Formation of Norman Schwarzkopf (1934-1989)” and was divided into three main sections. The first was entitled (Norman Schwarzkopf, his upbringing and life (1934-1989) and dealt with the roots of the latter’s family, his family life, his childhood and how he was very The second section was titled (Norman Schwarzkopf's Study and Military Education), in which the researcher touched on the early stages of his academic career and the difficulty of his transfer to join Valley Forge Academy in 1948, then his joining West Point Academy in 1952, and finally his enrollment in graduate studies in 1960-1969, while in the third section titled (His Military Activity and the Most Important Positions Held by Norman Schwarzkopf 1956-1989 AD), these years represented a major turning point in his life after he succeeded in assuming several positions and his participation in the Vietnam War in 1965 and 1969. The second chapter was titled (The Role of Norman Schwarzkopf in the Second Gulf Crisis and the Formation of the Desert Shield Forces (1990-1991 AD) and was divided into three sections. The first addressed (The Historical Roots of the Iraqi-Kuwaiti Crisis 1938- 1989) as it discussed the crisis during the royal era in Iraq from 1938 to 1958 and then the Kuwaiti crisis during the first republican era for the period (1958-1963 AD) and the second republican era for the period (1963-1990 AD). The second section discussed (The Eruption of the Second Gulf Crisis 1990-1991 AD) as it addressed the motives for the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the advance of Iraqi forces towards Kuwaiti territory and the Arab, regional and international positions on the Second Gulf Crisis, then the role of Norman Schwarzkopf in the Desert Shield Alliance and then the media coverage of Desert Shield 1990. while the third section addressed (The Role of Norman Schwarzkopf in Developing Military Plans and Managing the Battle of Khafji. The third chapter was titled (Norman Schwarzkopf and his role in Operation Desert Storm, January 17, 1990 - February 28, 1991) and was divided into three main sections. The first section, titled (Norman Schwarzkopf’s leadership of air and naval operations), dealt with the spread of advanced third-generation aircraft that entered the Middle East D for the first time via the United States of America, and Norman Schwarzkopf’s leadership of ground operations (1990-1991). The second section was titled (Norman Schwarzkopf’s leadership of ground operations, February 24-28, 1990-1991). The third section, titled (Norman Schwarzkopf and the events after the end of Desert Storm), shed light on Norman Schwarzkopf’s role in the Tent Agreement (Safwan Tent).

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