مدينة إسطنبول في كتابات الرحالة الأجانب في القرن الثامن عشر الميلادي

الباحث

أحمد رهيف حجاب

المشرف

كريم مطر حمزة الزبيدي

الجامعة

جامعة بابل

الكلية / القسم

التربية للعلوم الإنسانية / التاريخ

الشهادة

ماجستير

السنة

2022

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

إسطنبول;الرحالة الأجانب;القرن الثامن عشر;الدولة العثمانية

Istanbul is considered one of the most important cities that enjoys economic and social resources, so this city was the focus of attention of most of the colonial powers.The Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful forces that began to aspire to control. Constantinople (Byzantium), and after several failed campaigns, one of the Ottoman leaders, Mehmed al fateh, managed to seize and control it in 1454 AD, thus turning the Constantinople Empire into an Islamic empire with Istanbul as its capital, the city of peace. The city of Istanbul is of great importance to researchers, as it was the capital of the Ottoman Empire, which controlled swathes of the world. This city was characterized by many advantages in the eighteenth century, in various aspects of military, economic, social and cultural life, which we explained through this study. In the first chapter, the study dealt with the general conditions of the city of Istanbul in the eighteenth century. Such as the sheikh of islam, judges, senior mullahs, inspectors and employees and others. As for the second topic, it dealt with the military situation in the city of Istanbul, which included the land forces of the Ottoman state, including the sebahia, the bearers of arms, the janissary forces as well as the naval forces of the Ottoman Empire during the eighteenth century, as well as military reforms In the Ottoman Empire, the most prominent changes it undertook, and its readiness to face foreign dangers. As for the third topic,it dealt with the economic conditions in the city of Istanbul, including factories, handicrafts, masters of crafts, factories, grades, ranks, crafts and crafts. In addition, the topic carried information about factories in general, including the Ottoman arsenal, the reform of the Ottoman military arsenal, and the industry for developing cannons, as well as taxes and their divisions. Legitimacy and fees on the parish and the tax that leads to slander, the researcher also dealt with markets, and the position of Istanbul in the internal and external trade, while the fourth topic dealt with the social conditions in Istanbul, including the customs and traditions prevailing in the Istanbul society, including food, clothing, feasts, and occasions. As for the second chapter, it was titled the administrative aspect in Istanbul in the books of foreign travelers in the eighteenth century, and the researcher touched on the definition of the Turks and their origin among foreign travelers. And the Grand Vizier and the rest of the ministers and statesmen and the duties and powers of each of them, while the second topic came under the title of the Istanbul army in the eyes of foreign travelers, and we touched on the most prominent types of the army, its salaries, clothes, leaders, and the method of communication with Western powers and benefiting from the translation movement. The third, in which I talked about the judiciary in Istanbul from the point of view of travelers on the one hand, the judicial system, the assistant judges and their revenues,the role of judges in solving problems and their relationship with the sheikh of Islam, the mufti, and the salaries received by the sheikh of islam. As for the third chapter, it bears the title of the economic aspect in Istanbul through the eyes of foreign travelers in the eighteenth century. In the first chapter, the researcher touched on trade in the eighteenth century, including internal trade, foreign trade, markets and ports. As for the second topic, the researcher dealt with the issue of industries, according to what Foreign travelers transferred it from heavy industries, light and food industries, clothing, metal industries and professions, including construction and housing.The third topic dealt with the agricultural aspect in Istanbul in the eyes of foreign travelers and focused on the types of farms, namely, the family farm, the large farm, the subsistence farm, the commercial farm, contracts and relationships commercial and agricultural means such as irrigation, agricultural products. As for the fourth topic, we showed cities and urbanization in Istanbul from the point of view of foreign travelers. The most prominent of these cities were the city of Istanbul and its urban development through the ages, as well as mosques, including the ,hagia sophia mosque, sultan Ahmed Mosque, sulaymaniyah mosque, sultan Muhammad Al-Fateh mosque, and sultan Othman mosque. As well as addressing the Ottoman houses and giving examples of those houses, some of which were built of wood and the other part of stone. As for the fourth chapter, it came under the title of the social aspect of the city of Istanbul in the books of foreign travelers. In its first chapter, the researcher dealt with the social aspect of the city of Istanbul, including the population, customs and traditions, including food, clothing and bathrooms. As for the second topic. I dealt with the holidays and occasions in the city of Istanbul, including eid al-fitr and eid al-adha, and relations between individuals such as visits and marriage. As for the third topic, its title was the cultural and scientific conditions in Istanbul in the books of foreign travelers, including education and the teaching staff in Istanbul. As for the fourth topic, its title was the Islamic religion in Istanbul in terms of national affiliations, and charitable works for the Ottomans.The position of women in the Ottoman Empire. The topic is of great importance because it dealt with the capital of the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth century, as travelers transmitted a lot of economic, social, and urban information from it that reflected the greatness of the Ottoman Empire.

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