المستعمرات الإغريقية في جنوب إيطاليا من القرن الثامن إلى نهاية القرن الثالث قبل الميلاد (دراسة حضارية)

الباحث

ريم احسان علي

المشرف

قيس حاتم هاني الجنابي

الجامعة

جامعة بابل

الكلية / القسم

التربية للعلوم الإنسانية / التاريخ

الشهادة

ماجستير

السنة

2022

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

المستعمرات الإغريقية;جنوب إيطاليا;التاريخ القديم;دراسة حضارية

The Greeks are one of the most important poles of human civilization, and they had a great impact in the course of the history of the ancient world. They spread over large areas of the world after they migrated there, peace or force, and built colonies on its land for multiple purposes, the most important of which was the economic purpose. Most of these commercial colonies, with the passage of days, turned to Greek city-states, similar to the city-states of Greece in all respects: politically, socially and religiously, and the economic conditions of these colonies were good when compared to the Greek countries, which are poor in agricultural and commercial resources. Here, we try to focus the light on the Greek colonies in southern Italy with all its dimensions and aspects, over the period from the eighth century to the end of the third century BC, and with an in-depth cultural study. That is, this study covers about four and a half centuries. The distinguished location of those colonies and the abundance of their economic resources, especially commercial and agricultural, had a significant impact on the establishment of political and military conflicts between the Greek colonies on the one hand. And the neighboring powers for control of commercial outlets and rich areas on the other hand, especially since these colonies did not know the unity Political and military since its founding until its fall. The descriptive historical method was followed, based on presenting information, criticizing some of it, and comparing opinions to reach the historical facts. We tried, as much as possible, to draw a clear and integrated picture of the Greek colonies in southern Italy. The importance of our choice of research topic is due to the following: 1. The role that colonies played in Greek politics at the beginning of the fifth century BC after the rapid development of the power of colonies from a mere colony to accommodate the Greek colonists to a political entity independent of the Greek cities, with its own aspirations and ambitions for its citizens. 2. Studying the nature of Greek colonization because it is a stage that cannot be ignored from the study of Greek civilization and the origins of its development and growth. 3. The historians of the Roman civilization relied heavily on the study of the Greek civilization in southern Italy, as it is directly related to the emergence of the Roman civilization, to the extent that its founders may have Greek origins who migrated to this region since ages prior to the beginning of the settlement movement in the eighth century BC. 4. Shed light on another type of ancient colonialism, after the numerous studies on the Phoenician settlement, and this is to facilitate the matter for researchers to compare between them and the method of each one of them and the results left behind. 5. The importance of studying the Greek civilization, especially with the lack of Arabic writings about it. The study of Greek colonialism in southern Italy is a recent study, as research and writings about it did not begin until the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, so studies about it need a lot of interpretation. Moreover, we tried to put this research to be the beginning of conducting more studies and research in Arabic about the Hellenistic civilization and its spread across these colonies on the various banks of the Mediterranean because of its direct connection with many civilizations of the Arab countries such as the civilizations of Mesopotamia and the Egyptian civilization. In order to reach the objectives of this study and address its most important aspects, we have to pose the following problem: What are the backgrounds of the Greek presence in southern Italy? Moreover, how was the historical development of the emergence of the Greeks in this region and the consolidation of their colonization in it? The following sub-questions fall under this problem: 1. What are the real motives that prompted the Greeks to migrate to the western Mediterranean? Moreover, to southern Italy in particular? 2. What were the most important colonies established by the Greeks in southern Italy? What are the consequences of this colonization? 3. What are the most prominent wars that the Greeks fought in southern Italy? And what are the consequences? 4. To highlight the importance of the civilized role played by these colonies, because their legacy was the main source of the growth of Roman civilization, just as the European Renaissance in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries AD relied on this legacy of writings and manuscripts in various sciences such as mathematics, physics, literature, and so on. Researching the history of the Greeks results in many difficulties, the most important of which is the large number of translations and their diversity in the classical and foreign sources that deal with this ancient history. Especially since the classical sources do not allow the researcher to infer, confirm and expand his research because the writings on this subject are either rare and few writings. Moreover, many of them are old. These writings may lack modern information that may appear from archaeological excavations or even in recent discoveries that provide us with information that may supplement scientific research, or they may be shy writings that are no more than sayings about other books, and we were able to obtain a set of sources characterized by detail and clarity. Comprehensiveness related to the topic of research. Moreover, we tried to infer classical books, modern and old Arabic and foreign books, from different languages and authors who are specialized in this field, whether they were English, French, German or other sources, which were valuable books for a different group of eastern and western schools, in order to give adequate information as much as possible. Possible to cover this important period of history. It was necessary to divide the research plan into an introduction and a preface, four main chapters and conclusions, and the first chapter entitled Geography of Italy, early civilizations and population distribution in Italy. All over Italy. In the second chapter entitled Greek colonialism, Greek colonialism was studied in two sections. The first topic dealt with the nature and motives of Greek colonialism and the reasons for using the term colonialism to denote the outcome of these Greek migrations. We also reviewed in some detail the political, economic and social motives behind these huge migrations. As for the second topic, we focused on the steps of this organized colonization, and the role of government institutions in mobilizing and encouraging these migrations, and in particular the role of the Delphi Temple in directing and supervising these migrations. As for the third chapter, entitled: The Greek Colonies, Political Life and Their Relationships. It was concerned with the study of the Greek colonies in a deep study, as it required the distribution of the scientific material in four sections that complement each other. In order to provide a comprehensive and in-depth view of the vocabulary that was classified according to the following: The first topic focused on the establishment of colonies. Which In turn, it fell within three branches based on the geographical location of the colony. As for the second topic, it included the political life and internal conflicts within the Greek colonies. Moreover, we tried to give a clear picture despite the scarcity of sources dealing with this subject, with the exception of a few fragments and references received by some classic authors. Moreover, the third topic contained the vocabulary of political leaders and military conflicts between the Greek colonies that were at all times far from political unity, and how the balance of power differed from time to time, And how the leadership moved between the Greek city- states. And how some of them faded and disappeared from the political map to give the heroic role of the colony that conquered it. And the fourth topic discussed the local and external relations of these colonies, and how these relations differed from one colony to another according to the requirements of colonization. As for the fourth chapter, entitled: The Civilizational Impact of the Greek Colonies in Southern Italy, it had an expanded framework in an attempt to cover what we could of the cultural aspects of these colonies and the extent of their impact on the two most important elements in Italy: the Etruscans and the Romans. Which are one of the basic elements in our research, and the topic begins the first discusses the economic impact of these colonies. While the second topic discusses in some detail the social and religious impact and the extent of its impact on the prevailing social systems and religious beliefs, and the conclusion of our research was in the third topic, which specializes in highlighting the intellectual and artistic impact, including the content of these two words of cultural and artistic manifestations. Wonderful adorn the world's museums, public squares and archaeological areas of our time. It was the most interesting chapter, and we would have liked if we had had plenty of time and an infinite number of pages to delve into every aspect of civilization. Moreover, dive into its mysteries and highlight its masterpieces, so that the reader would know that the greatness of what we have reached today in terms of civilized advancement is only the result of great efforts by people who put the basis for the well-being of our present through a long procession of successive civilizational products. On which the Greeks had a great and distinctive impact. We concluded the research by presenting the most important findings that we reached through the study of the Greek colonies in southern Italy from the eighth century to the end of the third century BC (a civilized study).

طلب نسخة من الملف

الملفات غير منشورة على الموقع. اترك بياناتك وسيتواصل معك موظفو قسم الشؤون الثقافية والفنون لإرسال النسخة مجاناً.

الاسم

رقم الهاتف

البريد الإلكتروني

الغرض من الطلب (اختياري)

إرسال الطلب