العلاقات العثمانية-الفرنسية في عهد السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني 1876-1909م

الباحث

علي رهيف حجاب

المشرف

علي هادي عباس المهداوي

الجامعة

جامعة بابل

الكلية / القسم

التربية للعلوم الإنسانية / التاريخ

الشهادة

ماجستير

السنة

2022

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

العلاقات العثمانية الفرنسية;السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني;الدولة العثمانية;فرنسا

The study, which aims to identify the emergence and development of the Ottoman-French relations from 1535 to 1909, as well as the definition of the most prominent stations in these relations and the factors affecting them, the impact of these relations on the overall events that occurred on the Ottoman and French international arenas and the role of these relations in the conflicts and conflicts that The two countries witnessed it for control and influence, and we stress in this research on the Ottoman-French conflict, which extended to several political fronts represented by the control over the states affiliated with the Ottoman Empire, such as the French control over Algeria and Tunisia, and the economic represented by the commercial privileges that France obtained, and the religious that is the protection of its subjects Christ Within the Ottoman lands, and we will address the extent of the changes that occurred in these relations as a result of the privileges granted to France, which is an important historical hinge and a gap that France was able to exploit to achieve its expansionist ambitions within the Ottoman states. To address this topic with scientific research, which depends on the method of investigation and research It is also necessary to rely on historical sources. The Ottoman state reached the peak of its glory and expansion at the end of the fifteenth century to the middle of the sixteenth century. That era was one of the most important historical periods in its history, given the events and developments it witnessed on the international scene, until it reached the height of its power; Because the Ottoman sultans who ruled the Ottoman Empire in that period followed a policy that the state had not witnessed before, when they expanded the influence of their state in Asia, Europe and Africa, and this resulted in remarkable developments in its political, economic and military system. The study of history is full of hundreds of personalities from the leaders of the nation. Perhaps one of the most prominent figures in the history of the Ottoman Empire, which lasted 623 years, is Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909). As for the Ottoman history in particular and the history of Islam in general, the first contacts between the Ottoman Empire and France date back to the first half of the sixteenth century, when the events in Europe as a result of the conflict that was taking place around the leadership of the Holy Roman Empire, which pushed France to approach Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and ask for help From it, which led to the fear of all European countries of that sudden rapprochement; Because there was a conflict between Muslims and Christians. One of the effects of that Ottoman-French rapprochement was friendships and privileges, which gave France strength and economic prosperity, after the European countries planned to annex France to the crown of the Holy Empire and its atrophy. The concessions treaty in 1535 AD. Since that date, the relations between the two countries have taken an escalating pace, but the thing that has emerged with the passage of time is the unstable political positions taken by the kings of France in their relations with the Ottoman Empire, as most of them followed a policy of dual goals; Because they were showing friendship to the Ottomans in order to preserve France's position and privileges in the Ottoman lands, and on the other hand, their ambitions were increasing for control of the Ottoman lands. In the eighteenth century, the ambitions of the colonial government of France emerged at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. New developments emerged that affected the relations between the two countries, including the French Revolution, which was one of the main reasons that led to the change in the political map in Europe and the conclusion of several new alliances, as each country aspired to Building its political entity and competing with the neighboring state, which made the political borders of those states unstable. As for the Ottoman state during that period, it was suffering from conflicts in its foreign wars, which exhausted the Ottoman armies financially, morally and psychologically and forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who ascended the throne in 1876 to Restoring the prestige of his empires and undertaking reform projects in order to preserve his property in the lands of Europe through the tribute that he imposed on them. Those countries witnessed great political and economic events and developments that occupied the whole world, so the sultans of Bani Othman found that the wealth left to them by Bani Othman became threatened with demise from the countries After the Ottoman Empire was in control for a period of time, over fertile and vast agricultural areas of Europe, they found in that period that the European countries It interferes in the Ottoman affairs through privileges, then openly and in public, after weakness spread in most parts of the Ottoman Empire. The question of simmering revolutions was raised in the Balkans; Because of the injustice of the Ottoman rulers in collecting taxes, and the state suffers from bankruptcy, because of the foreign debts and interests that were paid to those countries. Sultan Abdul Hamid II took a strict policy towards these problems, with a set of reforms that included all the Ottoman states, as the Sultan, upon receiving the rule, the Ottoman state was suffering greatly, and it was in its late days, as they called it (the sick man), the opinions of European politicians differed. As they expected that the sultan is weak and can only manage the state for a few years; Because of the bad internal conditions that the Ottoman Empire experienced, and some of them expected the state to recover and return to its prestige as it was before, so it was called the sick man. Sultan Abdul Hamid's succession extended for thirty-three years, during which he was able to preserve the Ottoman Empire, and to stand against all European countries, despite the wars waged by his two empires before ascending to the throne and receiving power, because he was able to face these problems with calmness and wisdom that is less than equal. The economic waves that swept the country The Ottomans in his custody were enough to overthrow him, but he worked to reduce the expenses on the entourage of the palace and even on himself, and to end the customs that prevailed in the royal palace, and the sultan began eating his meals with his family, and surrounded himself with a group of scholars and jurists in the administration of the state. European intervention in the internal affairs of the Ottoman Empire by urging the Sultan to carry out reforms that serve their interests, so Britain and France were among the first European countries to demand Ottoman reforms, because those countries have privileges in the heart of the Ottoman Empire, they have their privileges that they obtained for many years, those privileges they took A way to interfere in the Ottoman affairs, but the Sultan confronted these countries with diplomacy and tried many times to save his country from the A fall, especially after there were many interpretations about the state of the state, that it is on the verge of extinction and will not last long. But the continuation of the Ottoman Empire for more than thirty-three years made the European countries in constant competition with each other, in order to gain a foothold in the property of the Ottoman Empire that would allow them to dominate. Throughout his reign, the Sultan stood at the same distance from France and all European countries; Because he was aware of the ambitions of those countries and the intrigues and conspiracies that were hatched against him in order to end his wisdom, represented by the Masons who tried to obtain the Sultan’s recognition, to have a national home for them in Palestine, and their negotiations with the Sultan were to keep him in the throne, but he refused that despite European pressure exerted on him. My choice for this topic came for several important justifications, most notably that the issue of Ottoman-French relations was not studied in a full Iraqi academic Arabic, except that the topics were scattered in some letters, and the other reason is because the privileges granted by the Ottoman Empire to France represent one of the Ottoman Empire's great impact on the historical eras Because it allowed France and European countries to interfere in the Ottoman affairs and control it through their intervention to protect Christian minorities within the Ottoman lands, in addition to obtaining many Ottoman and European sources as well as important documents in this regard, whether Arab or Ottoman, and this is what encouraged me to choose this title. The nature of the subject necessitated addressing it according to the style of the subject unit, and accordingly, the thesis consisted of an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion that includes the most important conclusions reached by the researcher. The first chapter follows an overview of the Ottoman-French relations until the year 1876, which was divided into three sections. France obtained the famous concessions treaty in 1535, and the second topic dealt with the most prominent Ottoman-French treaties up to the year 1876, those treaties that followed the concessions treaty. France obtained several treaties, through which it was able to practice its trade in the Ottoman lands without the dispute of the great powers As for the third topic, it dealt with France’s position on the system of foreign privileges, which clarified the continuous competition between the great powers, over obtaining concessions in the Ottoman lands, but France worked for many years in order to keep these countries away from their trade in the Ottoman lands, which was generating huge profits. France, in addition to the religious privileges granted to it during the days of the Ottoman sultans who preceded Sultan Abdul Hamid II. As for the second chapter, its title was the French position on the most prominent political developments in the Ottoman Empire 1876-1878 and it was divided into three sections. The first section dealt with France's position on Sultan Abdul Hamid II's accession to the throne in 1876, which represented the first beginnings of the Sultan's assumption of power, and the difficulties he faced. As for the second topic, it dealt with France’s position on the Russian-Ottoman war and the conclusion of the San Stefano Treaty of 1877, in which Russia tried to seize the conquest of the Ottoman lands after its victory over the Ottoman Empire in the war that took place between them. France and the great powers had no position in favor of the Ottoman Empire at first. ; Because it waited for the results of the war to intervene amicably, its position was its rejection of the treaty that Russia imposed on the Ottoman Empire; Because of the gains that Russia obtained, joking with French and European interests in general, the third topic represented the French position on the decisions of the Berlin Conference of 1878 in which European influence was divided among the great powers over the properties of the Ottoman Empire. It was an international settlement between those countries, with the theft of What Russia gained from its victory in its war on the Ottoman Empire. As for the third chapter, the French position on some of the external challenges of the Ottoman Empire from 1878-1908. The chapter was divided into three sections. The first section dealt with France’s position on the events and developments in the Balkans, that is, the revolutions supported by European countries for their independence from the Ottoman states. France was like other countries. The great supporter of those events that began in 1875 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and other Ottoman states in the Balkan lands. It found in Germany a country that could serve its interests after obtaining missions to train the Ottoman army and for a period of time with German weapons and expertise. France did not want Germany to be at the center of its interests, which began to fade when Germany entered its competition in the Ottoman lands. As for the third topic, it dealt with France’s position on the occupation. The British Government of Egypt in 1882, which France was the owner of projects in Egypt after working on the acquisition of the Suez Canal, which began working on it years before the arrival of Britain. As for the fourth chapter, it studied the French position on some of the internal political developments of the Ottoman state, and was divided into three sections. The first topic dealt with France’s position on the 1908 Revolution of Union and Progress, the revolution that took Paris as its headquarters, while the second topic examined the French position on the annexation of Austria by Austria. Bosnia and Herzegovina 1908, France's position was not in opposition to the process of final annexation after it saw the accession of Germany to the side of Austria-Hungary, because there was a French-German competition over Morocco, which ended with a French takeover of Morocco, and the third topic represented the French position on isolating Sultan Abdul Hamid II 1909, after France was supportive of the newspapers and parties that led the revolutions and the overthrow of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, which started the work of the parties from Paris, because it represented a safe haven for opponents of the rule of the Sultan, so newspapers and parties entered through the headquarters of European and French embassies in particular.

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