إدوارد وود (هاليفاكس) ودوره في السياسة البريطانية حتى عام 1959

الباحث

سمر حكيم مزهر الطائي

المشرف

فؤاد طارق كاظم العميدي

الجامعة

جامعة بابل

الكلية / القسم

التربية للعلوم الإنسانية / التاريخ

الشهادة

دكتوراه

السنة

2022

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

إدوارد وود;هاليفاكس;السياسة البريطانية;التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر

Edward Halifax was born into a noble aristocratic family that earned him the character and qualities that any person who belongs to the velvet class in society, such as tact, good behavior, dealing, culture provided by good education, and other activities that this class is famous for such as equestrian, hunting and sports. The nature of the life he lived shaped him and refined his personality to enable him to become an effective member of British society in the future. The respect accorded to Edward Halifax as a noble descended from a family close to the royal family, as well as his religious beliefs, values, and personal rules of conduct on which he was brought up, provided him with respect and a prestigious social position in British society, and helped him in assuming that political position that he strengthened by his intellectual development through his studies in The most prestigious British universities (Oxford) and his obtaining the All Soules fellowship, factors that helped assign him to the most important positions throughout his political life as the Viceroy of India, which he inherited from his grandfather, as well as the rest of the positions he held during his political life. The environment in which Edward Halifax lived, the way he was raised, and his father's control over many aspects of his life, and his influence on his decisions, was a reason to influence his personality later on. That the spotlight was shed on him, and we find him rejecting an important position such as the prime minister because he did not want to take responsibility for this position and the political consequences that it entails, especially since it was offered to him during the B time of war, so he did not find in himself enough strength to bear his burdens and admitted in a clear statement that and preferred that Churchill take the position Instead of him. He did not succeed in the way he aspired to in some of the positions he assumed, such as education, agriculture and others in the twenties of the last century, despite the good impact he left among people, due to the lack of sufficient financial allocations to accomplish what he aspired to and meet the aspirations of people also, due to the difficult circumstances that were going through Britain came out of the First World War exhausted. By looking at the level of performance of his work in all the positions he held, we find that in those with political weight he is more tender, such as the position of Viceroy in India, the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the position of his country's ambassador to the United States, but in the service positions he does not provide the same level of performance as the position of the head of the Board of Education, which has Although his work in it conflicts with the problem of lack of economic resources that prevented him from performing many changes in it, he is also pleased to leave such positions after being transferred and nominated to another position, as happened with the position of the Presidency of the Education Council. Edward Halifax negotiated through mutual visits with Hitler that took place between the two parties, most notably his visit to Germany and then his participation in the Munich Conference, and even during his tenure as Minister of Foreign Affairs in February 1938, in an attempt to avoid war and his conviction and Prime Minister Chamberlain with the policy of appeasement at the time and their work in it, ignoring them For all the voices that were calling for abandoning this policy and his mistake in estimating Hitler’s racist ambitions and not making it likely that they would reach international expansionist ambitions until September 1938, while he was trying to reach a settlement with the Nazi regime, and he did not mobilize at that time all the demands to stop the policy of appeasement that was followed and work to confront Hitler’s aspirations And his movements, and this policy was not left until late after the 1938 Munich Conference and Hitler's violation of his pledges, had a great impact on his reputation as a politician and he remained blamed for the followers of that policy. Edward Halifax remained convinced during the period from June to November 1935, the period in which he held the position of President of the War Council and part of his responsibilities was to rearm, but he did not act on this because of his unwillingness to (re-arm the British army) and continued for a period in the belief that the situation The general on the continent would not reach the point of declaring war, and he did not want to take such a step that could provoke the German side and push it to take hostile action against his country, so he did not find any justification for rearmament and ignored all the demands that called for it, until he realized the necessity of changing the policy The British and that appeasement is no longer feasible, and the need to prepare the country for war. He had sufficient authority to dismantle the system of appeasement and appeasement in the Cabinet, a policy that he D shared with Chamberlain, due to his seniority and prestige in the government, as we found that his resignation was a threat to the continuation of the government to which he belongs, and in return he succeeded in building a new consensus of resistance after he With a belated realization, he proved the necessity of fighting and overthrowing the Nazi regime, as well as his defense of a new military strategy for the Continental Commitment, the formation of a true national government, the establishment of the Ministry of Supply and immediate comprehensive military recruitment, the building of a peace front combining military guarantees in Eastern Europe with the Russian Entente, and closer ties with The United States, cutting off colonial talks with Germany, and above all rearmament, but all of this came too late and had to be done long before that. Edward Halifax served his country in the various positions he held, whether inside or outside the country, including his last position as ambassador of his country in the United States, despite facing many difficulties due to his lack of sufficient knowledge of the general situation in the United States, and the difficulty of adapting to the nature of the new position and his distance from His country was in harsh conditions for him, as he was accompanied by opinions against the policy of appeasement that he followed and some feelings of rejection within his country, so Churchill found that a sufficient excuse to keep him away from the country, but despite that, Edward Halifax proved himself capable of performing his duty with full readiness and with high efficiency and experience provided by years His service in the field of politics in various positions, as he rendered a great E service to his country by negotiating with the American administration about obtaining a loan to his country to revive its economy, as it was exposed to the most financial hardship as a result of its economically exhausted exit from World War II, and its urgent need for funds, without which Britain would have witnessed a famine in 1945. In the end, Edward Halifax is a prominent British political figure of the first row, who played an influential role in most of the tasks assigned to her, and carved a place for himself in British politics. Of this group that charted the course of British politics, especially in a critical period of its history as a superpower, Edward Halifax is mentioned and cannot be ignored. They laid the foundations of British politics at the national and global levels.

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