الولائم في الشرق الأدنى القديم - العراق ومصر أنموذجاً
Banquets in the Ancient Near East: Iraq and Egypt as a Model
- الباحث
- رغد مجيد حميد فنجان
- المشرف
- أسامة كاظم عمران الطائي
- الجامعة
- جامعة بابل
- الكلية / القسم
- التربية للعلوم الإنسانية / التاريخ
- الشهادة
- ماجستير
- السنة
- 2023
- لغة الرسالة
- عربي
- الكلمات المفتاحية
- الولائم;الشرق الأدنى القديم;العراق القديم;مصر القديمة
Abstract
Banqueting is a very complex social reality in which it is not only about eating foodstuffs obtained from the surrounding environment, but rather a multi-level, expressive and meaningful means of communication, despite the rebukes of philosophers and sages who, since ancient times, urged their contemporaries to eat in order to live, not to live. Living to eat, human beings have always done their best to enjoy food and drink as much as possible, and have devoted themselves to finding the best possible way to share this food with their families, friends, and comrades in a group regardless of its size and number of participants. The importance of the research lies in the study of common banquets and meals from an anthropological point of view and their impact on human society, and shed light on new aspects of sharing food collectively, which took political, social and religious dimensions, as these dimensions constituted a realistic reflection of the human call to organize them in a way that serves the person himself, which ultimately leads to The desired results from holding banquets. From this point of view, we put a hypothesis for the message based on interrogative foundations, namely: What did the ancient man provide in the civilization of Mesopotamia and the countries of the Nile Valley of food? And how did these items contribute to creating a positive atmosphere in the feast and achieving mixing and interdependence among its guests? And did the environmental and climatic conditions rule to provide certain food items in the feast and not others? Were there pre- feast preparation ceremonies and invitations for guests? What is the role of servants and maids in the reception and during the feast, and what are their costumes? Did the feast have a role in rooting entertainment and entertainment? There is no doubt that these questions require a great effort through the study of cuneiform texts and artistic scenes in the civilization of Mesopotamia, hieroglyphic texts and scenes on the walls of tombs, to reach satisfactory answers according to which the purpose and objectives of the study are achieved. I divided the study into an introduction and three chapters. In the introduction, I dealt with (the first beginnings of the emergence of the idea of the feast in the ancient Near East) and shed light on the environmental conditions that helped the emergence and development of the idea of the feast. The first chapter was titled (basic preparations for holding banquets and their preparations), and I divided it into two sections. The first includes the basic foodstuffs provided in the banquet, its cooking and preparation, while the second section included the steps to prepare for the banquet, how to prepare the place for holding the banquet, inviting the B guests to the banquet, the presence of the invitees, their clothes and their decorations, which they were keen to pay attention to. In it, the concept of hospitality and reception in the banquet and the role of servants and maids in that, as well as the impact of the banquet in rooting entertainment and entertainment. The second chapter was entitled (Banquets in ancient Iraq), and I divided it into three sections, such as the first, banquets of the gods set up among themselves, banquets held by humans for the gods, and then banquets set up by the gods for humans. The kings, which included the banquets they held for political requirements such as the mandate of the covenant, the coronation, the celebration of victory, banquets for foreign messengers and ambassadors, banquets for political treaties, intermarriages, and urban banquets. The social and religious ties between them that explained the depth of their beliefs and ideas. The third chapter entitled: (Banquets in Ancient Egypt) was divided hierarchically into three chapters. The first dealt with (Banquets associated with the gods) and included the feast of the sacred marriage, the coronation banquet of the god Horus, the feast of the Opet and the feast of the valley, which were among the important feasts in ancient Egypt, in addition to the famous banquet that Set up by the god Six for his brother Osiris. As for the second topic, which is tagged with (banquets associated with the Nile River, agriculture and harvest), it showed the banquets that were held to celebrate the fulfillment of the Nile and the return of its flood and the new year, and the banquets that were held for the god of fertility and harvest, Maine, and their celebration of the harvest festival and the spring festival known as (Sham al-Nessim). As for the third topic entitled b (Banquets associated with kings and the common people) we dealt with the banquets held by the kings of ancient Egypt to celebrate the coronation on the throne and the feast of love - a dam that the kings of Egypt were keen to celebrate to renew youth and vitality for them, banquets for victory celebrations, and banquets for foreign ambassadors and arrivals. People in earthly ceremonies and funeral rites. With regard to previous studies regarding the Mesopotamian civilization, we did not find only separate topics within other letters that did not study banquets in their various aspects, but were limited to presenting the idea of banquets in general. As for previous studies regarding the civilization of the Nile Valley, there were A group of studies touched on parts of our topic and dealt with it from different angles and a specific time period, including a PhD thesis submitted by the researcher (Sherif Shaaban Khalifa) to Cairo University, Faculty of Archeology, entitled (Greek and Etruscan banquet scenes, a comparative study with banquet scenes in ancient Egypt), which included a comparison between banquets Greek and Etruscan banquets in the countries of the Nile Valley. As for the second study, it is a master's thesis submitted by the researcher (Nashat Mahmoud Negati Al-Kufi) to Cairo University, Faculty of Fine Arts, entitled (Artistic and aesthetic characteristics of the scenes of parties and banquets in the tombs of the nobles (a modern state)) This thesis included a study of banquets in the scenes of tombs from the technical and aesthetic point of view . As for the third study, a master's thesis submitted by the researcher (Al-Zahraa Ragab Mahmoud) to Sohag University, Faculty of Arts, entitled (The view of the banquet in the tombs of individuals during the era of the modern state), which dealt with the study of models of scenes during the modern state). There is no doubt that this study that is in your hands has benefited from the studies that preceded it with regard to Egypt specifically, especially by supplementing the research with images of inscriptions and scenes on the walls of Egyptian tombs, and knowing some of the technical and aesthetic aspects complementing the banquet. Especially in arranging the archaeological finds of musical instruments in the third millennium BC. The study relied on a number of foreign and Arabic references, and it had a variety of disciplines, including historical, literary and artistic books and cuneiform dictionaries (Sumerian and Akkadian), as well as theses, university dissertations and scientific research published in periodicals and magazines. These references can be divided into three sections, the first of which includes a collection of dictionaries and references that provided the letter with some vocabulary (Sumerian, Akkadian, hieroglyphic, and their equivalent in Arabic). As for the second section, it included a group of Arab and foreign references that provided us with a lot of diverse information regarding the civilization of Mesopotamia and what is related to cuneiform texts and important historical information. Among them, we mention the book (Introduction) to the literature of ancient Iraq by (Taha Baqir) and (Divan of Legends) by (Qasim Al-Shawaf). And the book “The Spiritual Powers Latent in Water, Bread, and Wine and Their Role in the Process of Human Civilization and Civilization Development in Mesopotamia” by (Hikmat Bashir Al-Aswad) As for the civilization of the countries of the Nile Valley, a group of books provided us with historical information and views, including the Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt by (Salim Hassan), the Encyclopedia of Ancient Egyptian Civilization by (Samir Adeeb) and the book The Civilization of Ancient Egypt by (Ramadan Abdo Ali) and among the Arabized books that provided the message with important information We mention the book The Tablets of Sumer by (Samuel D Noah Kramer) and the book The Greatness of Babylon by (Harry Sachs) in Iraq. As for Egypt, we mention the book Egyptian Antiquities in the Nile Valley by (James Becky) and the book The Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Pharaonic Civilization by (J. Rashet). As for foreign books. wrangham Richard.,catching fier How cooking) (made us human ) Armesto Fernandez, Felipe, Near a thousand tables: a history of food In our study, we relied on the analytical approach, to read the texts and analyze some artistic scenes related to banquets. We note that the thesis was not devoid of difficulties that constituted a barrier that stood in the way of research, perhaps the most important of which is the difficulty of providing the corresponding sources regarding the civilization of the Nile Valley, which required effort and a long time to provide them. In conclusion, we ask God, the Almighty, to grant us success for His pleasure, for He is All-Hearing and Responsive. I hope that this study will be of help to those looking for banquets in other civilizations, and God grant success.
طلب نسخة من الملف
الملفات غير منشورة على الموقع. اترك بياناتك وسيتواصل معك موظفو قسم الشؤون الثقافية والفنون لإرسال النسخة مجاناً.