محمد سوهارتو ودوره السياسي في إندونيسيا 1921-1998

الباحث

فاطمة عبيد ابراهيم

المشرف

صلاح خلف مشاي

الجامعة

جامعة بابل

الكلية / القسم

التربية للعلوم الإنسانية / التاريخ

الشهادة

ماجستير

السنة

2024

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

محمد سوهارتو;إندونيسيا;الدور السياسي;التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر

Indonesia emerged from the political turmoil that followed immediately after the post-colonial era more damaged than most Southeast Asian countries. After overcoming the shock of gaining independence from the Dutch in 1949, the country plunged into political chaos resulting from the competition of political forces with different ideologies. These events produced figures who led Indonesia through its historical stages according to their visions and intellectual foundations. Suharto was the second person to lead Indonesia after Sukarno with a new ideology dubbed the New Order, which leaned towards capitalist interests, diverging from Sukarno's communist-leaning path. Opinions on this new regime differed; some criticized it while others praised it. Here lies the importance of studying the personality that becomes the focal point of historical events and their maker. Suharto was a pivotal figure in Indonesian history; he influenced it and was influenced by it, to the extent that Indonesian stages are not mentioned without Suharto being the most prominent figure in them. This man demonstrated exceptional control over Indonesia, surpassing expectations. How could this son of a Javanese farmer, with little education, rise to become a general in the army and then assume leadership of the largest and most populous country in Southeast Asia. In order to study Suharto's life and his political role in Indonesia, the year 1921 was chosen as the beginning of this study. In this year, Suharto was born in a small village in southern Java to parents from the general population of Indonesia. The year 1998 was chosen as the end of this study because in it Suharto resigned from the presidency and his political role ended. Also, events of his life were traced until his death in 2008. Despite his ability to lead the country for over thirty years and the accomplishments he achieved in development, stability, and his international reputation, he often faced Western and popular criticisms regarding issues such as human rights and corruption. There were many demands for his trial after his resignation, which did not happen due to his health conditions towards the end of his life. The study consisted of an introduction, four chapters, and a conclusion that included the main conclusions. In the first chapter (Suharto's social life and military formation until 1965), we examined in the first section his birth and family, and in the second section his education. The third section was devoted to studying his marriage, and the fourth chapter was titled "Military Life and Progression in Positions until 1965". Events related to Suharto's life during that period were studied in the following order: working in the bank before joining the army, joining the Dutch army, joining the Japanese forces, joining the Indonesian armed forces, and his important roles such as his role in the Battle of Yogyakarta and his leadership of Central Java from 1950 to 1959, as well as his progression in military positions and ranks such as commanding the leadership college and the army staff, followed by leading the army general reserve, his role in the West Irian issue, and finally, at the end of the chapter, we studied Suharto's position and the political movement in Indonesia. The second chapter was titled "The 1965 Coup Attempt and Power Struggle". In the first section, we studied the situation in Indonesia before the coup attempt, while the second section was dedicated to studying the movement of the Thirtieth of September and Suharto's role in eliminating it. The third section came under the title "Suharto's Appointment as Commander of the Indonesian Armed Forces and his Decision to Eradicate the Indonesian Communist Party". The fourth section was titled "Confrontation between Suharto and Sukarno 1966-1967". In the fifth section, we dedicated it to the study of the delegation of supreme authority in Indonesia to Suharto through the Supersemar document. In the sixth section, the legal recognition of Suharto's authority was studied. As for the final section, it was devoted to studying the procedures of Suharto's new government. As for the third chapter, it was titled "Suharto's New Regime between 1968-1983". The first section was dedicated to studying the first developmental government. In this section, we examined the economic rehabilitation, the ideology of Pancasila, as well as Suharto's foreign policy. Additionally, we looked into the Golkar movement and the strategy for the 1971 general elections, along with efforts to combat corruption. The second section was dedicated to studying Suharto's reelection for a second presidential term and the formation of the second developmental government. We allocated the third section to studying the problems faced by the new regime from 1973- 1977, such as outbreaks of anti-Chinese riots and protests against the Unified Marriage Law, the Malari riots, the East Timor case, and the Pertamina oil and gas production scandal, as well as attempts at development and external support. In concluding the section, we examined the general parliamentary elections and the social disturbances that accompanied them. The fourth section was titled "Suharto's Third Presidential Election (Adam Malik as Vice President)", where we firstly examined the formation of the third developmental government, secondly the adoption of the Pancasila principle and the P-4 program, thirdly FOSKO and the Fifty Petition, fourthly the parliamentary elections of 1982, and fifthly the Petrus campaign. In the fifth section, we studied Suharto's reelection for a fourth presidential term. In the fourth and final chapter, we studied the phase of Suharto's regime's strength and its downfall between 1984- 1998. It was divided into five sections. The first section was titled "Securing and Protecting the New Regime", where we studied the riots in Tanjung Priok, the mass organizations law, and the adoption of Pancasila as the sole basis for organizations. We also examined the oil crisis and the new economic model. The second section was titled "Suharto's Control and His New Regime", which included the 1987 general parliamentary elections, followed by the 1988 presidential elections and the formation of the fifth developmental government. The conclusion of this section was a study of Suharto's success on the international level. The third section was titled "Suharto's Decline and Fall", which included the formation of the Indonesian Muslim Scholars Association, the 1992 general parliamentary elections, and Suharto's sixth presidential election. The fourth section was titled "The Beginning of Suharto's Fall and the Collapse of His New Regime", where we studied the protests, Suharto's attempts to control the situation, the commercial interests of Suharto's family, Suharto's role as an international leader, the evolution of protests and riots. The fifth section was titled "Political and Economic Developments Leading to the Collapse of Suharto's Regime and His Resignation", where we studied the 1997 general parliamentary elections, the economic crisis, the 1998 presidential elections, the formation of the government, the development of riots, Suharto's resignation, and his legal pursuit. When Suharto came to power, Indonesia was suffering from political turmoil and facing a fierce ideological conflict. Thanks to his political skills, he managed to create a long-term political system characterized somewhat by relative calm that the country had not experienced since the days of Dutch colonialism. However, this system came at a high cost. It was organized through the implementation of a series of ideas that eliminated pluralism and engineered a paternalistic political framework incapable of accommodating change.

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