مشروع مانهاتن وأثره على المجتمع الياباني 1939-1946 دراسة تاريخية

الباحث

نبأ منير عبد الزهرة المعمار

المشرف

الهام محمود الجادر

الجامعة

جامعة الكوفة

الكلية / القسم

التربية للبنات / التاريخ

الشهادة

ماجستير

السنة

2022

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

مشروع مانهاتن;المجتمع الياباني;القنبلة الذرية;التاريخ الحديث

Studying history is one of the most important things that educate minds, refine morals, and develop national sentiments in peoples. Through it, a person learns the causes of the rise of nations, follows them, and knows the causes of their decline, and avoids them. Therefore, the wise have urged his study to be a philosophical lesson, not merely by memorizing some dates of facts and names of personalities, but rather by researching Exploring the causes of each accident and finding out Its truth. Therefore, most people did not realize that the decisive factor in the outcome of World War II, It was not the genius of the leaders of the military allies and the statesmen who are talked about so much, Rather, victory or defeat in the struggle of the century revolved around the secret war of cunning that took place between the geniuses of the bright scientific minds. The discovery of radioactivity and nuclear fission at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century paved the way for the emergence and prosperity of nuclear science and technology, The discovery of energy and nuclear fission coincided with the beginning of World War II, and with this, the military purposes were the first applications of nuclear energy and the beginning of the secret Manhattan Project in which the nuclear bomb was researched and developed, With the Germans suffering heavy losses in Europe and declaring their surrender, the American military leaders unanimously agreed that Japan would fight to the end, Therefore, the United States of America believed that a display of the developed technological ability b would force Japan to surrender, as the nuclear attack launched by the United States of America in August 1945 on the city of Hiroshima and Nagasaki using nuclear bombs after Japan refused to implement the Declaration of the Potsdam Conference, which stipulated the complete surrender of Japan without restrictions or condition, After Japanese Prime Minister Kantro Suzuki rejected the report and ignored the deadline set by the Potsdam Conference, and under President Harry Truman's executive order, the United States launched a bomb. (Uranium-235-Little Boy) on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, followed by the bomb of the (Plutonium-239-Fat Man bomb) on Nagasaki on August 9 of the same year, as these attacks were the only ones that used nuclear weapons in the history of wars, Nuclear weapons are an indelible impact on the minds of the world’s population about the destructive power of the atom, and the link between nuclear energy and nuclear war is an essential factor for the broad opposition from public opinion that included even the simplest peaceful uses of this type of energy and its attendant by-products. The aim of this study was to shed light on the secret arms race that the United States of America fought to build a nuclear bomb and use it to end the war. The year 1939 was chosen as the beginning of the subject of the study because it witnessed Einstein writing his famous letter to US President Franklin Roosevelt urging him to move forward in building a nuclear bomb after German physicists made a huge discovery, namely, the splitting of the atomic nucleus into two smaller and lighter nuclei, which is known as nuclear fission. Which can release huge energy enough to make a nuclear bomb. The problem of the research is represented in the following questions: - What is meant by nuclear weapons? - What are the changes that occurred in the nucleus of the atom to reveal the nuclear weapon into existence? Did making the atomic bomb in the Manhattan Project contribute to containing the war? What are the reasons that led to the American bombing of Japan? What are the disastrous effects of the use of nuclear weapons on the Japanese people? To answer these questions, the study was divided, according to the nature and chronology of historical developments that revealed the Manhattan Project and its impact on Japanese society 1939-1946, into an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion that included the most prominent findings of the study. The nuclear attack launched by the United States of America on Japan at the end of World War II, which led to important and influential repercussions on Japan in particular and on World War II in general, and it is obvious that an attack with such influence must lead to divisions in opinions. The use of nuclear weapons for any reason, arguing that it was not necessary to use all this excessive force in order to compel Japan to surrender, It actually led to Japan's surrender and prevented the planned occupation of Japan, which could have resulted in thousands of deaths on both sides. The study in this research relied on the historical method to narrate the facts in the historical sequence and then the descriptive analytical d method to study the historical events with defining their factors, causes and results to reach the historical facts with all objectivity. The first chapter, entitled "A History of the Discovery of Nuclear Energy" focused on the development of nuclear research in Europe and Japan, On the beginning of the discovery of nuclear energy and methods of generating it. The second chapter entitled "The Manhattan Project: Beginnings and Objectives" is devoted to a historical study 1941-1945: to study the beginnings of the implementation of the Manhattan Project. As for the third chapter, entitled: "The Second Phase of the Manhattan Project during the era of President Harry Truman until mid-1945," it focused on studying the second phase of the Manhattan Project during the era of President Harry Truman. The fourth chapter dealt with the "effects of the use of the nuclear bomb on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945-1946" as it touched upon the effects of the nuclear attack on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

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