جيومورفولوجيا مصب رافد الزاب الكبير على نهر دجلة
Geomorphology of the Great Zab Tributary on Tigris
- الباحث
- عامر محمود احمد محمد
- المشرف
- اسباهية يونس المحسن
- الجامعة
- جامعة الموصل
- الكلية / القسم
- كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية / قسم الجغرافية
- الشهادة
- ماجستير
- السنة
- 2021
- لغة الرسالة
- عربي
- الكلمات المفتاحية
- الجيومورفولوجيا ; الزاب الكبير ; نهر دجلة ; الجغرافية الطبيعية
Abstract
A This study dealt with the geomorphology of the Great Zap tributary, which is one of the tributaries of the Tigris , within the governorate of Nineveh and Erbil.The focus was on studying geomorphological features of the tributary stream with an area of (37km2) and a length of (17,414 km) within the study area. The study area is tectonically located within the unstable pavement within the low folds, especially the two belts (Batme_Mosul) and Makhol.Most of the structures of the study area are the river sediments, the sediments of the Quaternary age, represented by the flood plain. It’s flood plain is the scene of changes taking place in the tributary stream in the area, that has a great importance in determining the shape of the tributary and its other activities the variation in water outflows plays a role in activating geomorphological factors and processes. This was clearly reflected on the ground appearance, besides the prominent human geomorphic role, represented by agricultural and pastoral activity, in addition to the mining activity represented by quarries, which had an important role in changing the behavior of water in the tributary stream, and the deterioration of the flood plain lands (Modern and Ancient) and its impact on geomorphic development on landforms. The study also presented the influence of climatic elements on the water needs of the study area by their role in the amount of water levels change, due to the variation in rain fall and snow melting on the sources of the Great Zap tributary, in addition to the variation in temperatures that negatively affect the water of the tributary in the increase of evaporation process and also affect the type of plants in which the process of transpiration increases in the hot season. Thus, in this spatial space, the Great zap tributary was characterized by its instability in its course throughout its long history. The tributary left many vanished streams resulted in many landforms that were followed up by satellite visuals. The field investigations of the study showed that riverine processes and it’s resulting geomorphological manifestations has a clear impact on human activity, the change of the tributary to its course was the reason for the abandonment of some small settlements, that were located near the riverbed, to move to areas safer than the dangers of flooding, which are the relatively high areas outside the studied section. The agricultural activity is represented along the watercourse of the Great zap tributary, due to the presence of fertile sedimentary soil, a mixture soil, with good drainage, represented by the river shoulders soil, the tributary banks soil and the flood plain soil the (active and inactive ). The study showed a comparison of the course of the Great zap tributary for two periods of time (2000-2020) to highlight and analyze the geomorphic changes, It showed changes in the number of river bends and twists and in the area and numbers of river islands, in addition to the spatial change of the flood plain, as the area of the effective and ineffective flood plain witnessed a change during the study B periods to be (32,038 km2) in 2000 and (32,144 km2) in 2020.The dimensions of the main stream (the length and width of the stream) changed, as the length of the main stream of the Great zap tributary in the study area reached (18.158 km) in the 2000, while its length decreased in 2020 and reached (17,414 km), as the decrease in the length of the tributary reached (744 meters), due to the natural and human factors. The study also showed a change in the number and dimensions of river twist and turn, as it revealed the presence of (5) twists in 2000, (6) twists and (1) turn in 2020. There are variations in morphometric and morphological characteristics in terms of degree of a losing, the length of the range, the length of the turn wave, and the length and width of the runway in the twist and the turn. The study also revealed the change in the numbers, dimensions, characteristics and area of the river islands during the study period. That the number of river islands reached (9) with an area of (887 square meters) in 2000, then decreased to (8) with an area of (832 square meters) in 2020. Through field studies and fact-finding, it was found that there are no government restrictions on the owners of gravel and sand factories (quarries), which led to the indiscriminate use of agricultural and non-agricultural lands .At (Hawija) where its current number is (12) quarries go around the study area, which led to a change in the uses of agricultural land into lands for the extraction of gravel and sand, this resulted in the deterioration of the lands located on the tributary course and affected on changing the behavior and morphology of the river course. Geographical information systems (GIS)played a prominent role by relying on satellite visuals, and by using remote sensing techniques, to design maps showing the landforms and their changes, such as topographic maps, soil map, vegetation cover map that shows the vegetative greenness index (NDVI) in the study area and its divisions according to the density of plants, and putting map to change the area of the flood plain ( the active and inactive) during the study periods, using the spatial matching tool (Eesra), and clarifying the number and area of the river islands, and putting maps that show river twists and turns, in addition putting a map that show the severity and degrees of river floods, as the areas that are exposed to flooding during the high water level in the river course were identified, which gives a comprehensive view of the areas exposed to the danger of floods to limit its impact on the security and stability of human property in the study area. --- page 222 [OCR+] --- University of Mosul College of Education For humanities Department of Geography Geomorphology of the Great Zap Tributary on Tigris Amer Mahmoud Ahmed Mohamed A. Master Thesis In Natural Geography Supervised by Professor Dr.Isbahiya younis Almohsen 2021 A.D. 1443 A.H. [OCR of page] University of Mosul College of Education For humanities SS Department of Geography Geomorphology of the Great Zap Tributary on Tigris Amer Mahmoud Ahmed Mohamed A. Master Thesis In Natural Geography Supervised by Professor Dr.Isbahiya younis Almohsen 2021 A.D. 1443 A.H. --- page 223 [OCR+] --- Geomorphology of the Great Zap Tributary on Tigris To The Council of College of Education for Humanities University of Mosul in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master Degree of in Natural Geography By Amer Mahmoud Ahmed Mohamed Supervised By professor Dr. Isbahiya younis Almohsen 2021 A.D. 1443 A.H. [OCR of page] Geomorphology of the Great Zap Tributary on Tigris To The Council of College of Education for Humanities University of Mosul in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master Degree of in Natural Geography By Amer Mahmoud Ahmed Mohamed Supervised By professor Dr. Isbahiya younis Almohsen 2021 A.D. 1443 A.H.
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