معطيات علم الآثار في سهول ديالى في ضوء الاكتشافات الأثرية

الباحث

غسان صالح احمد علي الحميضة

المشرف

جابر خليل ابراهيم

الجامعة

جامعة الموصل

الكلية / القسم

كلية الاثار / قسم الآثار

الشهادة

دكتوراه

السنة

2023

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

سهول ديالى ; التنقيبات الأثرية ; الآثار القديمة ; العراق القديم

A This study sheds light on a large area in central Iraq, specifically east of the Tigris River, known in archaeological circles as the "Plains of Diyala". In the past, it had a long history full of events and civilizational achievements that extends from prehistoric periods, and it is now populated in many of its sections. This spot is almost rectangular in shape, its eastern part is currently located in Diyala Governorate, and its western part belongs to the capital Baghdad Governorate, and its northern part is bordered by three governorates, Salah al-Din, as part of its lands fall within the study area in addition to the governorates of Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah, and from the south it is bordered by Wasit Governorate. The study area extends between the Tigris River to the west, the Adhaim River to the north, and the international border with Iran to the east. There are many antiquities in this region that include among its archaeological layers ancient cities, settlements, and villages. At present, the region contains cities, districts, districts, and populated villages inhabited by various nationalities of Arabs, Kurds, and Turkmens, and they speak various languages: Arabic, Kurdish, and Turkmen. Some of these sites date back to prehistoric times, and some of them flourished during the days of the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians and other ancient peoples, and some of them rose to prominence in Islamic times and beyond, and faced the plains of Diyala and its kingdoms in ancient times, like other kingdoms of Mesopotamia It shrank, weakened, and deteriorated as a result of disputes between its kingdoms, external interventions, and internal revolutions, as well as the peoples, military campaigns, or invasions that came to it from abroad, whether immigrants or invaders, especially during the periods of the Guti invasion at the end of the Akkadian period, or the Kassite occupation in the Middle Babylonian period, and the foreign occupation of the country. Such as the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian occupations until the Islamic conquest and liberation of the country from external influence, foremost of which was the Persian-Iranian occupation. The plains of Diyala have acquired a distinguished position in the history of civilization, whether ancient or Islamic, which is evident in the vastness of its area, which exceeds thousands of kilometers, the fertility of its land, and the multiplicity of its water sources from permanent rivers (such as the Tigris, Diyala, and Al-Adhaim) and well-drawn rivers (such as Al-Nahrwan) and important valleys (such as Avi-Tanjero and Abi- B Sirwan). and channels (Mahrut, Al-Khalis, Khurasan, Sirvan, Ruz, Shahraban, etc.), the density of its population, the diversity of their cultures and nationalities, and the abundance of activity in social and economic life, and the flourishing of the intellectual movement in it, in addition, the statements expressed by the Buldania books describing its cities such as the city of Baghdad and Nahrwan during its glory and prosperity, and praising the mastery of its engineering, the extension of its economy, the large number of its imha and settlement of scholars and thinkers, and the abundance of what they produced and created in various fields of literature, arts, knowledge and science. The motive behind the high status of the Diyala plains and the prosperity and progress of its civilization is due to a number of factors, including the activity of its people, their self-confidence and their high human outlook. All of these factors are evident in their rich contributions in the various fields of science, knowledge, thought, culture and the arts, as mentioned above. In addition, most of the dependence of the people of the Diyala plains in their material and subsistence lives was on what surrounds the region and extends in its outskirts of fertile, level lands, as we have shown in which the Tigris River, the Diyala River, and the Adhaim River flow and the streams and branches that branch out from them. For this reason, the study area is considered one of the richest areas in agricultural production, especially citrus fruits, from which the people of many villages and cities that have flourished since ancient times until the present time take it. This extensive study was imposed on us in its area and importance and the capacity of its results to be made up of seven chapters These chapters differed in their size and number of pages, and this is what we were forced to do because of the disparity of information and the nature of the study of each chapter or what it dealt with, In addition to the introduction to the thesis and the conclusions that included the conclusion of the research and the most prominent findings. The first chapter deals with eight important topics about the natural and historical geography of the Diyala plains, from the outset its location and borders, its surface features, and its soil types, and its water sources, the nature of its climate, its natural resources, transportation methods, as well as agriculture. While the study in the second chapter, which was concerned with the natural environment in the plains of Diyala (a study of ancient records and the results of archaeological investigations and excavations), included three topics: The first relates to the ancient natural environment (plant, animal and natural phenomena), while the second was concerned with historical geography, specifically identifying roads and paths, and matching cities with similar archaeological sites, The third topic dealt with the study of salt and silt and their negative impact on agriculture in the Diyala plains. The third chapter was devoted to studying the archaeological activities of foreign missions (investigation and excavation) in antiquities sites in the Diyala plains of different nationalities, starting from the year (1850 AD) until the eighties of the last century, as foreign archaeological activity in those plains stopped except for some simple joint excavations with Iraqi missions. In Tell Harmal during the years (1997-1998 AD). As for the fourth chapter, it dealt with the archaeological activities of the Iraqi and Arab missions (excavations) in the plains of Diyala from its inception in the year (1945 AD) until the salvage excavations in the Adhaim Dam basin in the year (1992 AD), in addition to other sporadic and simple excavations in a few other sites here and there, including the excavations of Tell Harmal in the year (1997-1998 AD), and in Tell Muhammad in the year (1999 AD), and other excavations in Tell Ishchali in the year (2017 AD). The fifth chapter alone studied the first part of the data of archeology in the plains of Diyala, which included art of all kinds, whether in sculpture, architecture or pottery. While the sixth chapter dealt with the study of the second section of the archaeological data in the plains of Diyala, which included the study of the early irrigation channels in Choga Mami, and the large and wide Nahrawan project with its extension, in addition to the study of laws, kudurru stones (border stones), mathematical texts, geographical lists, harvest documents, a study of skeletons, and finally the Baghdad battery and its significance in history. As for the seventh and final chapter, it tends to study settlement patterns and their succession in the Diyala plains from the earliest periods until the Islamic periods.

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