المجهود العسكري الأمريكي في أوروبا خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية

الباحث

اكرم جمعة صالح الجبوري

المشرف

اياد علي ياسين الهاشمي

الجامعة

جامعة الموصل

الكلية / القسم

كلية الآداب / التاريخ

الشهادة

دكتوراه

السنة

2023

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

المجهود العسكري الأمريكي ; الحرب العالمية الثانية ; أوروبا ; التاريخ الحديث

Finally, the fourth chapter came, entitled: The role of the American logistical and moral effort in sustaining military momentum and achieving victory in Europe, in four sections. The first section entitled: (Military Production) dealt with the increase in American military production represented by aircraft, tanks, and heavy and light weapons. It is known that the United States possessed great military and economic capabilities, all of which employed to increase military production, and was able to exploit those human and natural resources to produce a massive military arsenal. As for the second section: (Logistics and Logistic Corps), this topic touched on the efforts of the American Logistics and Supply Corps in delivering supplies to the American army on the battle fronts for the food it needs (rations), military equipment for the soldiers (clothes), and the fuel (liquid) that military machines need. And crucifixion), and provided burial and grave registration services, in addition to that, he made great efforts in providing assistance to civilians in military areas. The third section, entitled: (The efforts of US military medicine in Europe during World War II) came to focus on the efforts of military medicine and the great services that provided to the US army on the battle fronts by providing first aid to fighters, transporting the wounded and injured from the front lines to field hospitals, and transferring some cases with major injuries are transferred to military hospitals in the United States of America. The fourth section: (Propaganda and Media) was devoted to the role of American propaganda and media in World War II and its direction in favor of the United States of America. Among the most important means of American propaganda and media are radio stations, especially the American Forces Network, radio station 12-12, and the American broadcasting station in Europe. It was also discussed Focusing on music, songs, leaflets, newspapers, posters, and finally combat (field) propaganda represented by the Strategic Service Office and the Psychological Warfare Department in the US army, all of which contributed to serving the US military effort in World War II by supporting the forces or breaking the morale of the Axis soldiers. due to the long duration compared to other battles, as well as the nature of the difficult terrain, harsh weather conditions, and German fortifications. As for the third section: (The Southern France Campaign (Operation Dragoon)), as the operation was in support of the Normandy Operation that was launched from southern France in 1944 AD. Which Eisenhower insisted on launching because he believed that the success of this operation was important for the success of the Normandy Operation, in order to take advantage of the ports of southern France to provide supplies and support to the American forces attacking on the French front. Chapter Three: The US Military Effort in Northwestern European Operations focused on the American Army’s operations in Europe, starting from the Northwestern Operations all the way to the European depths, and was divided into two sections. The first section was titled: (The Battle of France) and focused on the Normandy Operation, which is one of the largest. The US Army’s battles in World War II, which changed the balance of war in favor of the Allies, were carefully planned according to precise military calculations by the US command, which wanted to attack Germany directly from France. For this reason, the US military command opened a center to train its forces in England. After conducting all military and logistical planning, the Normandy landing operation began on June 6, 1944, and after several decisive battles, the US army was able to advance towards Paris and liberate it on August 25, 1944. The second section: (The Battle of Germany) focused on the US army’s advance into the German depths and then occupying it and ending the war. The operation began with the attack according to what is known as the (Narrow Front) under the title of Operation (Souq al-Gadda) to attempt to break the German defenses and fortifications in the border areas and then enter. To the German depths from the northwest and then heading to Berlin But it failed, even though it achieved a breakthrough in the German defenses while the American army took control of the German city of Aachen on the border with France. After the failure of the narrow front attack plan, Eisenhower changed the attack plan to what is known as the broad front (broad attack), and the American forces began storming the Siegfried defensive line. After the Americans thwarted the German counterattack in the Jordanians, the American army was able to cross the Rhine River and attack in the German depths (Central Europe). The war ended with the American army meeting the Soviet army in the German city of Leipzig, as the Soviet army had preceded the US army by entering Berlin and controlling it. ) and their adoption of an expansionist policy towards other European countries. The researcher’s focus in this study was on the position of the United States. The United States of America started from the outbreak of war, which was first represented by its neutral position on the war, and later developed into supplying the allies (Britain and France) with weapons under what was known as (pay and carry), so that this support increased further until it reached the loan-and-lease program. While the second section, entitled: (American military mobilization), focused on American measures to increase its military capabilities, represented by planning to increase military production and increase military spending, as well as increasing the numbers of the American armed forces through the issuance of the Selective Service Law. This increase was accompanied by the need to develop logistical plans. To build warehouses, camps, housing, airports, and military medicine to contain this military mobilization. Propaganda and media institutions were also developed to confront Nazi propaganda. While the third topic, entitled: (America’s entry into the war and its management), addressed the reasons for America’s entry into World War II after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 and the United States of America’s declaration of war on Japan. Thus, the United States of America became a party to the war alongside the Allies, and began to reorganize its army was to manage the war, and it formed a joint military command with Britain to coordinate military operations in Europe, as well as to unify the management of the American army. The second chapter, entitled: The American military effort in the Mediterranean theater of operations, was divided into three sections. The first section focused on the Battle of Sicily in 1943 AD and the role of the U.S. military effort in that battle, which began planning for it through the military plan drawn up by Commander Eisenhower in cooperation with his war administration. It also included the American military effort to control the most important cities of Sicily, including: Palermo and Messina. As for the second topic, entitled: (The Battle of Italy), which started from planning the battle since 1942 AD when British Prime Minister Winston Churchill proposed the idea of attacking Europe from several fronts, leading to expelling the Germans from it. Eisenhower, in cooperation with his war department, developed the final plan and then the attack that It continued until the end of World War II in 1945 AD and was one of the most difficult battles Abstract The US Military Effort in Europe During World War II , The U S military establishment played an active and influential role in World War II, especially on the European front, as its main effort was focused on fighting the Germans and, to a lesser extent, the Italians. It devoted much of its natural and human resources to serving the military effort to confront the Axis powers in Europe, which had a role in changing the balance of the war. Second World War in favor of the Allies. The reason for choosing the topic of the dissertation, entitled: The US Military Effort in Europe During World War II, was that it had not been studied before, in addition to that it had not been dealt with in any way in Iraqi or Arab universities, especially since military history has an individual specificity as it is a record of human conflict, and some even saw Because it is history itself, in addition to the unwillingness of some researchers to delve into such an aspect of academic studies; Perhaps because many of them realize the difficulty of becoming familiar with and mastering such an approach, and in view of this, the researcher wanted to delve into this aspect of academic studies that has not received much attention from Iraqi and Arab researchers, in addition to the fact that the period that is the subject of the study itself was in need of further research. The connection of the subject of the study to a historical event (World War II) helped in understanding the development of the American military institution. The nature of the dissertation topic, entitled: The American military effort in Europe during World War II, required that it be divided into an introduction, a preface, four chapters, appendices, a conclusion, and a list of sources. The introduction focused on the first beginnings of the establishment of the American army and navy, which gradually developed in internal and external wars. As for the first chapter, entitled: The outbreak of World War II (the American military position and mobilization), the first section, which was titled (The outbreak of World War II and American policy toward it), focused on the outbreak of World War II, especially with regard to World War I and the results of the 1919 peace conference that imposed The Allies imposed harsh sanctions on Germany, including limiting the numbers of its army, bearing war reparations, and reducing much of its territory and colonies, in addition to ignoring Italy’s demands, and the emergence of military dictatorships in Europe (Nazi and Fascist

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