التطورات الداخلية في ليبيا (2011-2012) في صحيفة القبس الكويتية

الباحث

علي عبدالله محمود حمد السبعاوي

المشرف

سعد توفيق عزيز المشهداني

الجامعة

جامعة الموصل

الكلية / القسم

كلية الآداب / التاريخ

الشهادة

ماجستير

السنة

2024

لغة الرسالة

عربي

الكلمات المفتاحية

ليبيا ; صحيفة القبس ; الربيع العربي ; التطورات الداخلية

A Until the beginning of the twentieth century, Kuwait lived in a state devoid of aspects of cultural activity such as cultural clubs and the local press, ps a result of the growth of tribalism. However, several factors contributed to the emergence of journalism in Kuwait including the cultural factors represented by the people of Kuwait becoming acquainted with the Arab press influenced by it, as well as the visits that Kuwaiti intellectuals used to travel to the centers of the Arab Renaissance such as Beirut, Baghdad, and Cairo. Political factors also played a role, especially after Britain became active at the beginning of the twentieth century to establish its foothold in the Gulf. These conditions paved the way for the emergence of Kuwaiti public opinion, as well as the propaganda press which some Kuwaiti rulers used to defend their positions Diwaniyas are considered one of the most important social institutions which represented a favorable atmosphere for the emergence of journalis. The real beginning of the Kuwaiti press appeared in 1928 by the Kuwaiti writer Abdul Aziz Al-Rashid, when he founded the Kuwait magazine in the city of Cairo, He laid a bridge for intellectual and cultural communication between Kuwait and the rest of the Arab and Islamic world. The period from the issuance of the first newspaper until the era of independence witnessed the emergence of three types of newspapers: These are the individual press, the club press, and the official press Most of them had a literary and cultural character. Kuwait witnessed a major renaissance after gaining independence in 1961. The state of the press changed after the country entered the oil economy which helped in the emergence of advanced journalism. The beginning of the seventies of the twentieth century witnessed the emergence of the so-called family press. Five Kuwaiti families founded Al-Qabas newspaper in 1972, which is one of the largest newspapers in the world. These families have a great history among the Kuwaiti and Arab media The eighties of the twentieth century witnessed the prosperity of Al-Qabas newspaper after it introduced modern technologies to its services, while the newspaper stopped publishing in 1990 after the entry of Iraqi forces into Kuwait, and then returned. It was published gradually after the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991. The decade of the new millennium witnessed a major development in the newspaper through its transformation into electronic journalism, which allowed readers to download pages easily, especially after the Arab region witnessed a political movement and the influence of journalistic blogs that increased the margin of freedom. This pushed people to expressi and B urgie young people to participate positively. This was at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century. At the end of 2010, a state of popular protests swept the Arab countries, which the media called the “Arab Spring.” It began in Tunisia and Egypt, then moved to Libya, Syria, Yemen, and Bahrain To demand freedom and reform, which resulted in the fall of some regimes, Tthat period received the attention of the Arab press in general and Al-Qabas newspaper in particular. The press is considered an authentic and important source, because the period between the occurrence of the historical event and its journalistic recording is very short,On this basis our study comes (the position of the Kuwaiti newspaper Al-Qabas Of the political developments in Libya in 2011-2012) to shed light on the mostprominent internal developments that Libya witnessed during this period. Libya lived in bad conditions under an authoritarian regime practiced by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, based on a monopoly Authority with the real absence of any democratic practice. In addition, the majority of the Libyan people suffered deteriorating living conditions due to the disparity in the distribution of sources of enormous oil wealth, accompanied by social disparity through the distinction between the cities of the east and west of the country. On the other hand, Colonel Gaddafi's policy with Western powers was characterized by hostility in most of its stages, starting with Gaddafi's evacuation of foreign forces from Libyan territory, as well as the nationalization of oil and banks, The West accused Leader Gaddafi of blowing up the American plane over the village of Lockerbie, Scotland. All of this everts led to tension in the relationship between the Libyan regime and Western powers. Al-Qabas newspaper was interested in developments in the field situation in Libya since the outbreak of events in mid-February 2011 in the city of Benghazi, when the Libyans went out in popular marches after the arrest of lawyer Fathi Terbel, coordinator of the group of families of the Abu Salim prison incident. The Libyan authorities tried to contain the situation when they released Turbel along with a group of civil activists, but government measures failed to calm the angry demonstrators, especially after the regime forces suppressed the demonstrators, which exacerbated the situation and the demonstrations spread throughout the country demanding the overthrow of the regime. The country witnessed armed clashes between the opposition and the Libyan regime, especially after Gaddafi described the demonstrators as drug and hallucinogenic pill users and threatened to use force against them. These events received regional and international reactions. As a result of which international capitals organizations condemned them the Libyan authorities' use of violence against peaceful demonstrators. In light of the accelerating events, Al-Qabas newspaper paid attention to the development of the disputes, as the newspaper reported that the Security Council issued Resolutions 1970 and 1973, according to which legitimacy was given to military intervention to address the situation in Libya through NATO, which received oscillating reactions according to the interests that it held Countries follow suit.. The intervention of Western powers, represented by NATO, on the side of the armed opposition has tipped the balance in favor of the armed groups that fought against Colonel Gaddafi, through air support and Military and financial, support as well as intelligence information related to the movements of the Libyan regime forces, which He had the most prominent impact in accelerating the overthrow of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi's regime After the collapse of the previous regime, Libya faced great challenges. At the political level, the absence of national consensus among the national forces led to problems and crises among them due to the absence of the role of institutions and the predominance of factional interests, which reflected a state of fragmentation and incompatibility. On the other hand, the country suffered on the eve of the fall of the regime, a security situation. Complicated by the spread of weapons and armed groups, which have become a source of concern for destabilizing security and stability and spreading unrest that has become the dominant feature of the overall Libyan situation. As for the economic level, Libya has witnessed, as a result of the war, severe economic damage resulting from the collapse of oil facilities, high indicators of corruption, theft of public money, and wasting of wealth, in particular After most of the militias took control of import and export lines. While the fall of the Libyan regime created difficult social conditions, as the issue of transitional justice and national reconciliation constituted two obstacles and controversy in negotiations due to the failure to reveal the facts. While the country witnessed tragic conditions represented by displacement camps, as well as refugees living in difficult conditions abroad, in addition to the spread of poverty that affected many Libyans were affected by the war, and Education system declined due to the suffering of the war, while the aftemaths war were considered a major danger that threatened Life of Libyans.

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